影响我国竞技体育可持续发展的内外因素分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

陈鑫  李君 《军事体育进修学院学报》2005,24(3):68-70

从竞技体育自身的发展规律出发,分析了我国竞技体育的内在影响因素,主要包括竞技体育体制的改革、竞技体育后备人才的培养、竞技项目布局与结构、“科教兴体”战略的实施等;从社会学的角度出发分析了影响我国竞技体育可持续发展的外在影响因素,主要包括政治因素、经济因素、人因素、科技因素及职业化进程等。  相似文献   

对《国际田联手册》"抢道标志线"划线法和"切入差"数据的修正   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

纪和江 《北京体育大学学报》2005,28(3):430-431

采用了多种研究方法,阐述了<国际田联手册>提供的切入差的计算数据存在着尚未被人们认识的误差.文中在证明误差存在的基础上,分析了导致误差存在的原因,研究了误差值的计算方法,提供了误差值的具体数据.并在此基础上提出了解决误差的具体方案.希望通过此文呼吁各位同行专家、主管部门对于此项研究的重视,从"公平竞争"和"田径运动文化"两个方面思考对于误差修正的意义.并将此项研究成果应用到2008年奥运会的场地设计与划线的实践中去.  相似文献   

Effects of blood flow restriction without additional exercise on strength reductions and muscular atrophy following immobilization:A systematic review     

Mikhail Santos Cerqueira  Jose Diego Sales Do Nascimento  Daniel Germano Maciel  Jean Artur Mendonca Barboza  Wouber Herickson De Brito Vieira 《运动与健康科学(英文)》2020,9(2):152-159

Purpose:To investigate whether blood flow restriction(BFR) without concomitant exercise mitigated strength reduction and atrophy of thigh muscles in subjects under immobilization for lower limbs.Methods:The following databases were searched:PubMed,CINAHL,PEDro,Web of Science,Central,and Scopus.Results:The search identified 3 eligible studies,and the total sample in the identified studies consisted of 38 participants.Isokinetic and isometric torque of the knee flexors and extensors was examined in 2 studies.Cross-sectional area of thigh muscles was evaluated in 1 study,and thigh girth was measured in 2 studies.The BFR protocol was 5 sets of 5 min of occlusion and 3 min of free flow,twice daily for approximately 2 weeks.As a whole,the included studies indicate that BFR without exercise is able to minimize strength reduction and muscular atrophy after immobilization.It is crucial to emphasize,however,that the included studies showed a high risk of bias,especially regarding allocation concealment,blinding of outcome assessment,intention-to-treat analyses,and group similarity at baseline.Conclusion:Although potentially useful,the high risk of bias presented by original stodies limits the indication of BFR without concomitant exercise as an effective countermeasure against strength reduction and atrophy mediated by immobilization.  相似文献   

Impaired motor control after sport-related concussion could increase risk for musculoskeletal injury: Implications for clinical management and rehabilitation     

Terese L. Chmielewski  Justin Tatman  Shuhei Suzuki  MaryBeth Horodyski  Darcy S. Reisman  Russell M. Bauer  James R. Clugston  Daniel C. Herman 《运动与健康科学(英文)》2021,10(2):154

This review presents a conceptual framework and supporting evidence that links impaired motor control after sport-related concussion (SRC) to increased risk for musculoskeletal injury. Multiple studies have found that athletes who are post-SRC have higher risk for musculoskeletal injury compared to their counterparts. A small body of research suggests that impairments in motor control are associated with musculoskeletal injury risk. Motor control involves the perception and processing of sensory information and subsequent coordination of motor output within the central nervous system to perform a motor task. Motor control is inclusive of motor planning and motor learning. If sensory information is not accurately perceived or there is interference with sensory information processing and cognition, motor function will be altered, and an athlete may become vulnerable to injury during sport participation. Athletes with SRC show neuroanatomic and neurophysiological changes relevant to motor control even after meeting return to sport criteria, including a normal neurological examination, resolution of symptoms, and return to baseline function on traditional concussion testing. In conjunction, altered motor function is demonstrated after SRC in muscle activation and force production, movement patterns, balance/postural stability, and motor task performance, especially performance of a motor task paired with a cognitive task (i.e., dual-task condition). The clinical implications of this conceptual framework include a need to intentionally address motor control impairments after SRC to mitigate musculoskeletal injury risk and to monitor motor control as the athlete progresses through the return to sport continuum.  相似文献   

Understanding the track and field sprint start through a functional analysis of the external force features which contribute to higher levels of block phase performance     

Neil Edward Bezodis  Sean Peter Walton  Ryu Nagahara 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(5):560-567

This study aimed to identify the continuous ground reaction force (GRF) features which contribute to higher levels of block phase performance. Twenty-three sprint-trained athletes completed starts from their preferred settings during which GRFs were recorded separately under each block. Continuous features of the magnitude and direction of the resultant GRF signals which explained 90% of the variation between the sprinters were identified. Each sprinter’s coefficient score for these continuous features was then input to a linear regression model to predict block phase performance (normalised external power). Four significant (p < 0.05) predictor features associated with GRF magnitude were identified; there were none associated with GRF direction. A feature associated with greater rear block GRF magnitudes from the onset of the push was the most important predictor (β = 1.185), followed by greater front block GRF magnitudes for the final three-quarters of the push (β = 0.791). Features which included a later rear block exit (β = 0.254) and greater front leg GRF magnitudes during the mid-push phase (β = 0.224) were also significant predictors. Sprint practitioners are encouraged, where possible, to consider the continuous magnitude of the GRFs produced throughout the block phase in addition to selected discrete values.  相似文献   

新世纪我国田径竞技研究进展分析与思考     

龚建音  陈庆熙  董华 《喀什师范学院学报》2007,28(6):66-70

运用网上查询法对2000~2005年我国国内公开发表的有关田径竞技论文进行分析,结果表明,体能和技术论文篇数多,战术、心理、训练监控、项目特征论文篇数偏少;论文选题呈多样化,技术、体能和项目特征的研究不仅面广,而且成果也多;应用型研究明显多于基础理论研究,但成果转化率较底.因此,优势、潜优势项目科研力度还应加强.  相似文献   

竞技体育项目训练方法"适用"征象辨析     

付革  王庆伟 《辽宁教育行政学院学报》2007,24(1):104-106

重复、间歇、持续、变换、循环、比赛训练方法构成了现代运动训练方法丰富的内容体系。现代运动训练方法是教练员科学完成具体训练任务的基本工具,是运动员科学提高运动成绩的基本手段。实践中教练员科学认识和掌握现代运动训练各个基本方法的征象,是科学选择、运用现代运动训练基本方法的前提条件,对于提高运动成绩具有特殊的意义。  相似文献   

Kinematic characteristics of elite men's 50 km race walking     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(3):272-279

Abstract

Race walking is an endurance event which also requires great technical ability, particularly with respect to its two distinguishing rules. The 50 km race walk is the longest event in the athletics programme at the Olympic Games. The aims of this observational study were to identify the important kinematic variables in elite men's 50 km race walking, and to measure variation in those variables at different distances. Thirty men were analysed from video data recorded during a World Race Walking Cup competition. Video data were also recorded at four distances during the European Cup Race Walking and 12 men analysed from these data. Two camcorders (50 Hz) recorded at each race for 3D analysis. The results of this study showed that walking speed was associated with both step length (r=0.54,P=0.002) and cadence (r=0.58,P=0.001). While placing the foot further ahead of the body at heel strike was associated with greater step lengths (r=0.45,P=0.013), it was also negatively associated with cadence (r= ?0.62,P<0.001). In the World Cup, knee angles ranged between 175 and 186° at initial contact and between 180 and 195° at midstance. During the European Cup, walking speed decreased significantly (F=9.35,P=0.002), mostly due to a decrease in step length between 38.5 and 48.5 km (t=8.59,P=0.014). From this study, it would appear that the key areas a 50 km race walker must develop and coordinate are step length and cadence, although it is also important to ensure legal walking technique is maintained with the onset of fatigue.  相似文献   

Environmental and venue-related factors affecting the performance of elite male track athletes     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(3):201-206

Abstract

The effects of environmental and other venue-related factors need to be taken into account when tracking an individual athlete's competitive performance. We report the effects of such factors on the performances of elite male track athletes. Performance times throughout the athletic careers of male track athletes placed in the top 16 of their event in at least one Olympic Games or World Championship between 2000 and 2009 were downloaded from the athletics results database at tilastopaja.org. In the 10 running events (100 m through 10,000 m, including hurdles and steeplechase), there were 619 athletes with 43,999 performances, all with enviromental and venue-related information. Times for a given event were log-transformed to estimate percent effects in a mixed linear model with fixed effects for the environmental and venue-related factors and random effects for within-athlete race-to-race variability and individual athlete performance progression. After adjustment for quadratic trends for year of competition and each athlete's age, the model provided estimates of effects of standard of competition (Olympics and World Championships vs other competitions), altitude (sea level vs ≥ 1000 m), timing method (electronic vs stopwatch), wind speed (greater than vs less than 2 m · s^–1), and venue (outdoors vs indoors). Uncertainty in estimates of environmental effects expressed as 99% confidence limits was sufficiently small (at most ±0.9%) for almost all outcomes to be clear when interpreted in relation to smallest important changes (0.3–0.5%). Olympics and World Championships produced substantially faster times for events up to 400 m (0.7–0.8%) but slower times for the 1500 m, 5000 m, and 10,000 m events (0.6%, 1.2%, and 0.2% respectively), presumably reflecting differences in preparation or pacing. Altitude produced substantially faster times in some 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, and hurdle events (0.1–0.5%) but substantially slower times in longer races (1.1–2.4%), reflecting opposing effects of altitude on air resistance and aerobic power. Stopwatch times were faster for sprints (0.3–0.5%) but slower for 1500 m and longer events (0.6–2.1%), possibly because of bias in reaction time and confounding by standard of competition. A typical trailing wind of 2 m · s^–1 conferred small benefits (0.5–0.8%) on the three sprint events where wind speed was recorded. Indoor events were consistently slower (1.6–2.3%), a likely consequence of tight bends. In conclusion, use of these environmental and venue-related effects to adjust performances of male track athletes will make comparative assessment of all their performances more meaningful.  相似文献   

A mathematical analysis of the 4 × 100 m relay     

A.J. Ward-Smith  P.F. Radford 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(5):369-381

In this study, we examined aspects of the 4 2 100 m relay that are amenable to mathematical analysis. We looked at factors that affect the time required to complete the relay, focusing on the performance of elite male athletes. Factors over which the individual athletes, and the team coach, can exercise some control are: the starting positions of the runners on legs 2, 3 and 4, the positions at which baton exchanges occur, the free distances at the baton exchanges and the running order of the athletes. The lane draw is shown to have an important influence on the relay time, although it is outside the control of the team coach. Teams drawn in the outside lanes benefit from the inverse relation between bend radius of curvature and running speed. For teams composed of athletes with different times over 100 m, we show that the fastest relay times are achieved with the fastest athlete taking the first leg, with the slowest two runners allocated to the final two legs.  相似文献